1. We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

【譯文】我們生活在一個物質在醫療和社交方面使用都很廣泛的社會里：用來緩解頭痛的阿斯匹林，用來應酬的酒，早晨用來提神的咖啡，還有定神用的香煙。

【析句】句子的主干就是We live in a society，后面是一個which引導的定語從句in which the medicinal and social use of substances is pervasive，修飾society。冒號后面的部分是并列關系的名詞詞組，用來舉例說明前面提出的substances。

【講詞】pervasive意為“普遍的”。They discussed the pervasive role of science,technology,and health in foreign policy.sociable意為“友善的，好交際的，促進友誼的”。He was a sociable character who loved to discuss politics and sport at the local pub.get going意為“出發,實行,使開動”。I have to get going with my book.

2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.

【譯文】依賴的最初表現是不斷增長的耐藥量，要產生預期的效果需要的藥劑量越來越大，而一旦中斷使用就會出現難受的停藥癥狀。

【析句】句子的主干結構是Dependence is marked。句中狀語較長，注意and連接的兩個by開始的介詞詞組是并列關系。

【講詞】dependence在句中的意思是“對藥物的依賴”，withdrawal意為“停止用藥”。